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Descriptive Statements:
- Demonstrate knowledge of the governments, cultures, and economic systems of early river civilizations in Africa and Asia (e.g., India, Egypt, China, Mesopotamia).
- Examine the features of the civilization of ancient Greece and their enduring effects on later civilizations.
- Examine the features of the civilization of ancient Rome and their enduring effects on later civilizations and analyze the internal and external factors that contributed to the collapse of the Roman Empire.
- Examine the features of feudalism and the manorial system after the fall of the Roman Empire.
- Demonstrate knowledge of the empires and states of Asia during the period (e.g., China, Korea, Japan, Mongol Empire) and the trade routes that contributed to their growth.
- Demonstrate knowledge of the trade routes and empires of Africa (e.g., Ghana, Mali, Songhai) and analyze the effects of the trans-Saharan slave trade on both western and central Africa and the enslaving societies.
- Analyze the achievements in medicine, science, mathematics, and geography of Islamic civilizations and the interactions between these civilizations and western Europe (e.g., Muslim conquests, Crusades, trade, influence on the European Renaissance).
- Examine developments surrounding the decline of feudalism and the emergence of nation-states in Europe and the changes arising from the European Renaissance.
- Analyze the religious, social, political, and economic changes arising from the Protestant Reformation.
- Analyze the causes and effects of European explorations, conquests, colonization, and the Columbian exchange.
Sample Item:
Islamic scholars influenced the Italian Renaissance in which of the following ways?
- creating new forms of religious art
- documenting the fall of the Roman Empire
- preserving classical texts and artifacts
- introducing the mathematical concept of zero
Correct Response and Explanation (Show Correct ResponseHide Correct Response)
C. Although countless classical texts were destroyed or lost during the European Dark Ages, Islamic scholars retained copies of many of the classical texts and artifacts that survived to the present day. It was the re-discovery of these classical texts and artifacts which contributed to the Italian Renaissance.
Descriptive Statements:
- Demonstrate knowledge of the major events and figures of the Scientific Revolution and analyze its effects on religious, political, and cultural institutions.
- Demonstrate knowledge of the major figures, writings, and ideas of the Enlightenment (e.g., use of reason, natural rights, tabula rasa) and analyze the effects of Enlightenment ideas on society, religious authority, and mercantilism.
- Analyze the influence of Enlightenment ideas on the American Revolution, the French Revolution, and Latin American revolutions for independence and the relationships between these revolutionary movements.
- Apply knowledge of the ways in which the Industrial Revolution fundamentally changed the means of production and affected the society, politics, and economics of western Europe and the world.
- Analyze the political, economic, and social causes and effects of the imperial expansion of industrialized nations in the nineteenth century.
- Examine the positive and negative effects of advances in technology, communication, and transportation in the first half of the twentieth century.
- Analyze the causes of World War I 1 and the connections between the war and subsequent events (e.g., the Russian Revolution, the rise of totalitarianism, events and policies that led to World War II 2 ).
- Demonstrate knowledge of the causes and course of the Armenian Genocide during World War I 1 and the Holocaust during World War II 2 .
- Analyze the causes and major events of World War II 2 and demonstrate knowledge of the treaties and agreements, changes to national boundaries, and newly created multinational organizations following World War II 2 .
- Examine major political, social, and economic developments in Asia, Latin America, Africa, and the Middle East since 1945 19 45 (e.g., nationalist movements and the end of colonial rule, the Chinese experience with communism, extensions of the Cold War in Latin America and Africa, the overthrow of apartheid in South Africa, Arab-Israeli conflicts, instances of genocide).
- Demonstrate knowledge of the causes of and major events surrounding the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War and analyze the resulting challenges and conflicts in former Soviet republics, Soviet allies, Europe, and the nonaligned world.
- Analyze major issues and challenges in the world since 1991 19 91 (e.g., struggles of groups for self-determination, shifts among global economic powers, improvements in technology, proliferation of nuclear weapons, shifts in global population, mass migrations, environmental concerns and the environmental movement, competition for the world's energy supplies).
Sample Item:
The Berlin Conference of 1884 18 84 is best understood as an international agreement:
- formalizing the partition of Africa by European powers.
- revoking King Leopold's authority over the Congo.
- creating a permanent neutral zone in Sweden.
- ending the Austro-Prussian War.
Correct Response and Explanation (Show Correct ResponseHide Correct Response)
A. In 1884 18 84 , leaders from major world powers such as Great Britain, France, Germany, Portugal, and Belgium divided the continent of Africa into regions that would be controlled by Europeans with no input from the African People. This created the conditions for mass exploitation of Africans by European imperialist powers.
Descriptive Statements:
- Apply knowledge of historians' and archaeologists' practice of describing historical events and issues from the perspectives of people living at the time to avoid evaluating the past in terms of today's norms and values.
- Distinguish primary and secondary sources and use them to examine events and issues from multiple perspectives and analyze authors' differing points of view.
- Evaluate the accuracy and credibility of, and identify potential biases in, primary and secondary sources of historical information.
- Consider and cite textual evidence from primary and secondary sources to develop theses and support or refute positions.
- Analyze cause, effect, sequence, and correlation in historical events, including multiple causation and long- and short-term causal relations.
Sample Item:
Which of the following developments best reflects an important cause-and-effect relationship in world history in the early modern period?
- the invention of the printing press and the spread of Protestant ideas in northern Europe
- the Muslim conquest of Constantinople and the expansion of trans-Saharan trade routes
- the unification of Spain and the popularization of the ideas of the Scientific Revolution
- the ending of the Crusades and the emergence of the modern state of Russia
Correct Response and Explanation (Show Correct ResponseHide Correct Response)
A. The invention of the printing press gave common people in Europe better access to religious texts such as the Bible and spread Protestant ideas in Europe. This development redefined the relationship between many Europeans and religious institutions that had previously monopolized their access to scripture.
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